Kahrizes, also known as qanats, are an ancient water management system that has been crucial in arid regions of the Middle East, Central Asia, and parts of North Africa. These subterranean tunnels, designed to transport water from aquifers to surface areas for irrigation and drinking, represent one of the most innovative solutions to water scarcity in history. The use of kahrizes dates back over 3,000 years, with the earliest examples believed to have been developed by the Persians in ancient Iran. The advantage of kharizes is that [i] there is no need any external energy [e.g., fuel, electricity] to pump out water; [ii] no overexploitation of groundwater; [iii] low maintenance and if maintained these function for centuries; and [iv] water quality is excellent.

Pakistan is a country having too much and tool little water, e.g., during 1998 the country faced major drought which killed thousands of people in Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan, and then in 2010, it received super flood in which almost 20% country was submerged under water, and the estimated economic loss was of USD 43 billion according to Encyclopaedia Britannica, followed by another flood in 2011 [in Sidh]. During 2022, it again received super floods and the estimated economic loss is of USD 30 billion.